Shorelines

by Marissa Sandoval

This is Part 2 of a series that explores the concerns of invasive species introduced by ballast water and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center’s role in combating them. Part 1 offered an overview of ballast water and the threats it poses to coastal communities. Part 2 dives into SERC scientists monitoring invasions and researching solutions.

Whenever a truck brings fresh fruits and veggies into the U.S., an inspector checks them for disease or insect pests. But what about imports that come from the ocean? Global shipping has long caused concern over invasive species spread. If introduced species on land are a headache for environmental managers, then successful marine invaders are chronic migraines. They’re terribly difficult to locate, catch and eliminate out in the open ocean and even in large bays. And even when teams spend years of hard work, nature—even non-native species—somehow finds a way.

To be fair, the vast majority of introduced marine organisms have negligible impacts. Those comparatively harmless species outnumber by far the aggressive ones we hear about in the news. However, the lucky few invertebrates that do get a bad reputation—like the ones in the infographic below—have usually earned it. These species often hurt native species and the surrounding environment. Worse, they can spread like wildfire in the bay.

(Infographic by Sofia Baah and Marissa Sandoval)
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A Scandinavian cargo ship sits tall in the Port of Auckland, New Zealand. (Credit: Tim Adams. CC License)

by Marissa Sandoval

If you’ve ever walked through shrubs only to find critters or seeds on you after you’ve gotten home, you already know a bit about what coastal states deal with regularly. Every week, hundreds of ships arrive in California ports and bring organisms latched on to their exterior. Commercial ships tend to be larger, with arrivals from foreign countries and domestic vessels traveling along the coast. Meanwhile, recreational ships are much smaller, generally do only regional travel and often more idle. But both can act as vectors for the infamous occurrence known as “biofouling,” when small organisms colonize surfaces below water.

“As soon as something settles, similar to the fouling community on our rocky shore, you’ve got succession like barnacles and mussels,” said Gail Ashton, a biologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). “Anything that can attach very strongly will do so first. Then you get crevices and amongst those, other animals will be able to settle on top. You get a community building up over time.”

Though a few stowaways may not seem like a cause for concern, invasive organisms that come along for the ride on ship hulls can endanger native wildlife and commercial shellfisheries. To prevent further invasions and minimize the risks associated with biofouling, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) published hull fouling guidelines in 2011 for the maritime shipping industry.

The problem was, the guidelines were just that: suggestions that should be taken, but could be ignored.

Then, in 2017, California and New Zealand decided to take matters into their own hands. They developed regulatory regimes based on the IMO guidelines and published a study on lessons learned in the first year with the new rules in place. Click to continue »

Cownose rays are migratory animals that come into the Chesapeake in summer and swim to Florida for the winter. (Credit: Jay Fleming/Smithsonian)

by Marissa Sandoval

While most students around the country are returning from summer break, some schools stay in session year-round—those under the sea, that is. Schools of marine organisms will migrate great lengths in search of food, breeding grounds, or safety from predation. So unless you want to be left behind, attendance is mandatory for migratory marine animals. 

Luckily, some animals have migratory cues that prompt them to depart en masse. The charismatic cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) is one of them. 

In a new study published Sept. 9 in the journal Ecosphere, researchers led by Chuck Bangley and Matt Ogburn at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) and Robert Fisher at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) pinpointed which variables cue the rays to and from their summer and winter homes. What’s more, male and female rays may respond to different cues to leave their winter habitat in Florida. Meanwhile, at the end of the summer, both sexes travel together—though climate change may affect their future travel plans. 
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by Deva Holliman

Maryland teachers participate in an outdoor excursion in the SERC forest. (Credit: Karen McDonald)

This summer, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) invited 21 Maryland educators to join a three-day “hybrid” workshop (virtual and in-person) on how to teach watershed science. The workshop was part of a collaboration with the Maryland Association for Environmental and Outdoor Education (MAEOE). It went swimmingly.

In normal years the SERC education team brings up to 6,000 visitors from around the Chesapeake, leading field trips for K-12 students and programs for adults. A growing component of SERC’s educational outreach is devoted to teacher professional development. These trainings help teachers learn the practices and techniques that SERC scientists use, and take them back to the classroom.

But as the pandemic raged on, SERC was forced to adjust its education model. Unable to bring students to the Edgewater campus, field trips and workshops went virtual. As with the rest of the world, in-person experiences switched to Zoom. While the quality of SERC’s education programs stayed the same, many longed for the days of bustling classrooms and hands-on science.

That’s when Karen McDonald, SERC’s director of education, had an idea. Collaborating with MAEOE, McDonald hoped to create a workshop for Maryland educators that focused on teaching children about watersheds.

“During COVID, teaching about watersheds to students who are remote and can’t necessarily go outside is super challenging,” said McDonald. “On top of that, many teachers don’t know how to take students outside to study their local watersheds. This is going to be something super desirable when we go back to school because we need to socially distance. And being outside is a perfect way to do it.” Click to continue »

by Marissa Sandoval

Many aquatic creatures live in the ballast water ships need for stability. But when ships discharge their ballast water, some of those creatures can become invasive. (Credit: Monaca Noble/SERC)

This is the first article in a three-part series which aims to explain the biosecurity concerns of ballast water and the work of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). Scientists in SERC’s Marine Invasions Lab have teamed up with a variety of organizations to research invasive species, on-board technology and shipping networks. The Marine Invasions Lab works from SERC’s main campus in Edgewater, Maryland, and its West Coast campus in Tiburon, California.

European green crab (Carcinus maenas), an invasive crustacean that’s caused economic and environmental problems on both U.S. coasts. (Credit: Brianna Tracy-Sawdey/SERC)

In the late 1980s, tiny crab larvae arrived in California through the water massive ships eject when they dock. The infamous European green crab had already been doing a number on the Eastern Seaboard, causing damages that would eventually reach over $22 million a year. Soon enough it was causing chaos on the West Coast as well, voraciously eating native crabs, oysters, and clams. The highly invasive crab serves as a cautionary tale of the never-ending struggles with hitchhiking marine invaders introduced via ballast water.

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by Deva Holliman

Left: Staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis (Credit: Florida Fish and Wildlife / CC license). Right: Long-spined urchin, Diadema antillarum, perched on a rock (Credit: Via Tsuji / CC license).

As coral reefs around the world deteriorate at frightening rates, many scientists are searching for ways to rebuild these valuable ecosystems. According to a recent study published in the Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, the key to successful coral restoration may be found amidst a bunch of hungry sea urchins. Click to continue »