by Kristen Minogue
Smithsonian ecologist James Holmquist explores a wetland in Humboldt Bay, California. (Credit: Lauren Brown)
It’s a true story of “grassroots science.” A team of over two dozen researchers set out to estimate how much carbon tidal wetlands across the U.S. can store. But the official datasets didn’t give them much info to work with. So they pooled their resources, creating a new dataset of nearly 2,000 wetland soil cores.
Their final estimate: Nearly 800 million tons of carbon may lie buried in the tidal wetlands of the contiguous U.S. The team published the discovery June 21, in a new study in Scientific Reports led by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The study also leaves another major legacy. The 1,959 soil cores they compiled could help finally unlock some secrets of wetlands, ecosystems that have been overlooked for centuries.
Wetlands are one of humanity’s best defenses against climate change. Besides shielding cities from extreme weather like hurricanes, wetlands can also store massive amounts of carbon—up to 10 times faster than upland forests, according to some estimates. This carbon, known as “blue carbon,” has become a buzzword among those looking to protect the coasts from the more devastating effects of climate change, and those looking to sell credits as part of a “blue carbon market.”
“Tidal wetlands are incredibly productive,” said lead author James Holmquist, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland. “You look at them, and you may not think that they’re storing much carbon, because it doesn’t look like a forest all the time. Sometimes it just looks like a little salt marsh. It looks like a little prairie out there on the water. But they store a lot of carbon below ground.”
However, nailing down a precise figure for carbon in U.S. tidal wetlands was a challenge. For much of the nation’s history, wetlands were routinely dismissed as unprofitable, so there isn’t much data on the books. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has a century’s worth of carbon data from soil surveys in a dataset called SSURGO (Soil Survey Geographic Database), but most of it comes from other soil types, such as land that could be used for agriculture.
Wetlands like this Maryland salt marsh at the Smithsonian Environmental Resaearch Center can store carbon up to 10 times faster than upland forests. (Photo: SERC)
To fill in the gaps, Holmquist and the other researchers pooled their own data and scoured the literature for any additional data on wetland soils. In total, they were able to gather data from 1,959 wetland soil cores, found in peer-reviewed literature, government reports and some data still awaiting publication.
“We worried a little that our colleagues might not want to share their hard-won original datasets, especially if the data had not been published,” said Pat Megonigal, co-author and biogeochemist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. “But everyone was very generous and happy to see their data used in a national-level synthesis. It was such a positive experience that we are now expanding the database to our international colleagues.”
Armed with their newly merged datasets, the researchers did the simplest estimate first: the average. The team took the average of the carbon density in all 1900-plus soil cores, and then extrapolated it across all U.S. tidal wetlands to get an overall estimate of 793 million U.S. tons of carbon. But the team suspected not all wetlands would store carbon in the same way, so they searched for a way to get more nuanced figures, using mapping techniques and models.
One by one, all of them fell short. None of the models could reliably predict data the researchers already knew to be true from their soil cores. Bucking all conventional wisdom, the average remained the best estimate.
“When we put them all in the battle royale, the single average number came out with both the most precise and the most accurate estimate, which was surprising,” Holmquist said.
Smithsonian biogeochemist Pat Megonigal holds up a soil core. Scientists collected data from nearly 2,000 wetland soil cores to estimate how much carbon wetlands in the continental U.S. can store. (Photo: SERC)
This could mean America’s tidal wetlands are really not all that different. Perhaps most wetlands have a similar innate ability to store carbon, regardless of where they are, how they are formed, or what is in their soils. However, it also points to how little we truly know about wetlands.
The larger issue, Holmquist noted, was that to create the more nuanced models, the team needed to combine the data from their soil cores with information from previous datasets, like the one from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, that were not necessarily meant for wetlands. As the team dug deeper, they discovered some soil types were misclassified in those datasets, and sometimes there was no raw data, only inferences and educated guesses.
With the team’s newly compiled data, much of that can change.
“These products and assumptions were made without a lot of coastal-soils data,” Holmquist said. “Now that we have a lot of coastal data, we can revisit those assumptions. That’s how science progresses.”
Holmquist, Megonigal and many of the other authors are part of a group investigating blue carbon called the Coastal Carbon Research Coordination Network, which aims to keep exploring the questions in this study. The full paper is available https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26948-7. The authors have also putting data from 1,500 of their soil cores online at https://doi.org/10.25572/ccrcn/10088/35684, and plan to add more data as they are published.
